Each 24 November marks the anniversary of Mount Vesuvius’s eruption in 79 AD, a disaster that overwhelmed nearby Roman towns including Pompeii and Herculaneum and has since become a touchstone for volcanic risk in the Bay of Naples. The anniversary prompts both historical reflection and contemporary concern: Vesuvius remains an active volcano that sits above a densely inhabited metropolitan area, and scientists, local authorities and residents continue to debate preparedness, monitoring and evacuation plans. What happened in 79 AD is known from archaeological evidence and from contemporary written accounts, most notably letters by Pliny the Younger to the historian Tacitus. Those letters describe a powerful eruption that sent ash, pumice and hot gases across the surrounding landscape; Herculaneum was buried largely by pyroclastic flows and hot mud, while Pompeii was covered by layers of ash and pumice that preserved buildings, objects and human remains. Archaeological excavations since the 18th century have produced a detailed picture of daily life in these towns and of the eruption’s immediate effects, though many scientific and interpretive questions remain under active study. Geologically, Vesuvius is part of the Campanian volcanic arc and has a long history of explosive eruptions. Its most recent significant eruptive period, known as the Somma-Vesuvius complex, produced repeated explosive events over millennia. In modern times, eruptions in 1631 and in the 18th and 19th centuries caused substantial damage, and the volcano is classified as active. Contemporary monitoring is done by Italy’s National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) and other agencies, which use seismic networks, ground deformation measurements, gas monitoring and satellite data to detect changes that could signal renewed unrest. The primary public-safety concern today is the large population that lives within the volcano’s immediate hazard zones. The metropolitan area of Naples and numerous towns on Vesuvius’s slopes and surrounding plains are home to hundreds of thousands of residents, and tourist traffic adds to daytime population density. Italian civil-protection authorities have mapped hazard zones and produced evacuation frameworks, and simulations of different eruption scenarios inform planning. Nevertheless, evacuation logistics, infrastructure capacity, and public communication remain challenging—particularly under short-notice scenarios such as a sudden explosive event. Preparedness efforts include public education campaigns, drills, early-warning systems and continuous scientific monitoring. Authorities periodically update evacuation plans and work with local municipalities to refine routes, shelters and procedures. Scientists emphasize that volcanic behavior can be variable: monitoring can indicate increasing unrest but cannot predict every detail of timing or magnitude. This uncertainty shapes both the technical work of forecasting and the practical demands of keeping at-risk populations informed and ready. The anniversary also stokes debate over land use and development in the volcano’s vicinity. Some commentators argue for stricter building controls and incentivized relocation from the highest-risk zones; others note that relocation at scale faces social, economic and political obstacles. Preservation of the archaeological sites at Pompeii and Herculaneum adds another dimension: these sites are both fragile historical resources and major tourist destinations, requiring careful management in any emergency. Public memory of the 79 AD eruption—shaped by archaeological finds, historical writings and cultural portrayals—continues to influence how residents and officials perceive Vesuvius. Commemorative events and scholarly discussions around the anniversary typically balance reverence for the archaeological record with attention to ongoing volcanic risk. For the scientific community, the anniversary is a reminder that past events provide essential data for understanding volcanic behavior, but that vigilance and investment in monitoring and public safety remain crucial to protect communities living in Vesuvius’s shadow.